第一部分、时态总结
一、一般过去时；
一、定义。 1. 表示过去的动作或状态，常和明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1998,just now等，或与由when引导的从句连用。 2. 也可以表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复出现的动作。句子中常带有every day, often, usually, always, sometimes等时间状语。 例：When I worked in the company, I got up early every morning. 在那家公司上班时，我每天早晨都起得很早。 In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays. 在过去的几年里，每逢暑假她总是出去旅游。
二、一般过去时态句子结构 1． Be 动词的一般过去时态 在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词， am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were. 如：I was late yesterday. We weren't late yesterday. She wasn't a teacher three years ago. Were you ill yesterday? Were they once your classmates？ ---Yes, I was. ---No, I wasn't. Who were your best friends in your primary school?
2. 实义动词的一般过去时态 肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did. 如：I went home at nine o'clock yesterday. I didn't go home yesterday. He didn't tell me about you. Did you go home yesterday? ---Yes, I did. ---No, I didn't. When did you finish your homework last night/the day before yesterday?
3. 助动词和情态动词过去式如下： shall―should（将要）用于第一人称单数 will―would（将要）用于所有人称 can― could（能，会） may―might（可以） must―must （必须） have to―had to（不得不） 助动词和情态动词的过去时态要使用他们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。 如： I had to do my homework yesterday. (昨天我不得不做作业。)
三、一般过去时态动词变化形式 一般过去时态由动词的过去式表示。大多数动词的过去式是在动词原形后加上ed构成。这类动词称为规则动词。 1） 一般情况下在词尾直接加ed。 如：play―played work―worked 2） 以e结尾的动词只加d. 如：like--- liked love―loved 3） 以辅音字母 Y结尾的动词，变Y为I，再加ed. 如：study―studied carry―carried 4） 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写最后这个辅音字母，再加ed. 如：stop―stopped 5） 不以ed 结尾的过去式，称为不规则动词,如： write（写） --wrote go-went do-did have-had see-saw take-took make-made come-came buy-bought
技巧：巧记一般过去时： 【一巧】时间状语（即标志词）巧。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，恰巧与表示过去的一些时间状语连用。 【二巧】形式巧。它与一般现在时一样，形式多样：当主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时，谓语动词用was；主语是第二人称或其他人称复数时，谓语动词用were。 例如： I was in the classroom yesterday morning． 昨天早上我在教室里。 He was at school last Tuesday． 上周二他在学校。 They were over there a moment ago． 刚才他们在那边。
【三巧】否定句结构巧。与动词be的一般现在时一样，它在动词后面加not即可变成否定句，并且was, were与not可以缩写成wasn't, weren't。即： 主语 ＋ wasn't／ weren't ＋ 表语 ＋ 其他。例如： I was not (＝wasn't) here yesterday． 昨天我不在这儿。 My parents were not (＝weren't) at home last Sunday． 上周日我父母不在家。
【四巧】 疑问句式巧。把was, were提到句首，句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即： Was(Were) ＋ 主语 ＋表语 ＋ 其他？这恰巧与动词be的一般现在时的疑问句式相似。 例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday﹖ 前天你在家吗？ Was she late this morning﹖今天早上她迟到了吗？ 更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似，肯定回答用“Yes, 主语＋was／were．”； 否定回答用“No,主语＋wasn't／weren't．”。 例如：—Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now﹖ 刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗？ —Yes, they were． (No, they weren't．) 是的，她们在。（不，她们不在。）
练习 一、用be动词的适当形式填空
1．I ______ an English teacher now.
2．She _______ happy yesterday.
3They _______ glad to see each other last month.
4．Helen and Nancy ________ good friends.
5．The little dog _______ two years old this year.
6．Look, there ________ lots of grapes here.
7．Today _______ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children's Day.
二、用动词的适当形式填空
1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.
2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night.
3. We _________ to zoo yesterday, we _____ to the park. (go)
4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?
5. ______ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______.
6.Jim _______ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday.
7. I ____________ (sweep) the floor yesterday.
8. What ______ she _______ (find) in the garden last morning? She __________ (find) a beautiful butterfly. 1. He _________ (live) in Wuxi two years ago.
2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night.
3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween.
4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.
5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.
6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.
7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.
8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party.
9. It ______ (be) Ben's birthday last Friday.
10. We all ______ (have) a good time last night.
11. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day.
二、现在完成时
一．句型： Eg: I have finished my homework. He hasn’t watered the flowers.
Have they watched the film? -----Yes, they have. ----No, they haven’t.
二．用法
1、现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 Eg. I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jim has (just/already) come. (含义：吉姆现在在这儿) My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)
2、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（ 时间段）,since（ 时间点或过去时的句子）连用. ①for 时段 ②since 过去一个时间点（译为：自从„„以来） ③since 时段 ago ④since 从句（过去时） ⑤It is 时段 since 从句（过去时）
E.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.
三、现在完成时的标志
现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义: * 以already, just和yet为标志 He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。 He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。 * 以ever和never为标志 This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。 * 以动作发生的次数为标志 He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。 * 以so far（到目前为止）为标 before He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 3)现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用.
四、过去分词变法小结 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规 则相同。 (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 e.g. work---worked---worked (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 e.g. live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词： AAA型 E.g. let let let cut cut cut AAB型 E.g. beat beat beaten ABA型 E.g. become became become run ran run
5 ABB型 E.g. bring brought brought feel felt felt ABC型 E.g. begin began begun drive drove driven
五、易混知识辨析
1、has gone (to),has been (to)的区别 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场) Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai.
2、since和for的区别 since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。
Exercise: 1、 用since和for填空
1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.
3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.
4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country ______1974.
6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years. 8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.
Keys：1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since
2、单项选择
1. -Where have you _____, Kate? -I've ______ to the bank. A. gone, gone B. been, been C. gone, been D. been, gone
2、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
3、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
4、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
5、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
6、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
6 —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago . Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
7、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 . Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
8、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library . Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
3、填空。 1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week. 2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
10. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere?
三、一般将来时
一、用法. “will / shall 动词原形”构成的一般将来时，其被动形式为“will / shall be 过去分词”
。 (1) 表示单纯的将来。如： Her elder sister will be thirty years old next month. 下个月她姐姐就30岁了。
(2) 表示在说话时决定要去做某事。如： We are really lost. I’ll stop to ask someone the way. 我们真的迷路了。我要停下来问问路。
(3) 用于“祈使句
连词 简单句”固定句式中。如： Go straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it. 直走你就会看到一座教堂，你不会错过的。
二．一般将来时的句型(have/has done)
1.肯定句： The workers will build a new school here next year. 2.否定句： He won’t play football with you before he finishes his work. 3.疑问句： Will you be back in ten minutes?
4.特殊疑问句： Where will you go next week?
三、注意事项 1. 用“be going to＋动词原形”构成的一般将来时。 (1) 人作主语时表示打算，
“有计划要做”。如： My daughter is going to be a doctor when she grows up. 我女儿打算长大后当医生。 (2) 物作主语时表示目前有迹象表明将要发生某事，“有……
的趋势（如天气变化）
”。如： Look at the black clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。 (3). 在含有条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句一般不用be going to
，而常用will（第一人称用shall
）。从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时：如： The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，足球赛将被推迟举行。 (4). 在时间、条件或让步状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。如： They will go home for the winter vacation as soon as they finish their exams. 他们一考完试就回家过寒假。
Exercise
( )1. He _______ able to come on Friday because he fails in his exam. A. will be not B. will not be C. is going to be D. isn’t going be
( )2. – When ________ again? --When he ____________, I’ll let you know. A. he comes ;comes B. will he come;will come C. he comes ;will he come D. will he come;comes
( )3. Do you think Tom ______________ his uncle if he arrives? A. called B. calls C. will call D. is calling
( )4. Don’t get off the bus until it_______. A. will stop B. stops C. shall stop D. is stopped
( )5. We ________ begin our lessons if you _________ ready. A. will ; will be B. shall ; Will get C. will ; get D. /; are
( )6. I’ll tell her about it as soon as she ___________ back. A. shall come B. will come C. comes D. is going to come
( )7.--- It’s Saturday tomorrow. I’m glad we ______ any classes. ---So am I. I’ll go fishing. Would you like to go with me? A. haven’t had B. won’t have C. don’t have D. wouldn’t have
8
( ) 8. She ________ him a lovely dog on his next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. is going to give ( ) 9. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll have a picnic. A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine ( ) 10. We ________ the homework this way next time. A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will doing
( ) 11. The day after tomorrow he________ a volleyball match. A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. is going to watch
( ) 12. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be
( ) 13.________ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ( ) 14 If they come, we ________ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have to be
( ) 15. They ________ an English evening next Sunday. A.are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have
( ) 16. Charlie ________ here next month. A. isn’t working B. doesn’t working C. isn’t going to working D. won’t work ( ) 17. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be
( ) 18. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be
四、将来进行时 一、将来进行时的构成 将来进行时是由"shall/will be 现在分词"构成的。 E.g. Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then. 二、将来进行时的用法 ①将来进行时的基本用法 : 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常与soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等表示将来的时间状语连用 例如：I'll be taking my holiday soon. 我不久就去度假了。 ②将来进行时的特殊用法 A. 表示原因、结果或猜测。 例如：Please come tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning I'll be having a
9 meeting. 请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。 (表原因) Stop the child or he will be falling over. 抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。 (表结果) You will be making a mistake. 你会出错的。(表推测) B. 用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌。 When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候再见面？ C. 表示稍后一点儿的安排。 The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week they'll be studying Unit 4. 这周学生们学第三单元，下周他们将学第四单元。
【注意】 在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在进行时代替将来进行时。如： Be careful when you are crossing the street. 过马路时要当心。
Exercise 将来进行时练习
1. What____ you_____this time tomorrow? A will…do B will…have done C will…be done D will…be doing
2. The street lights____on when night falls. A will have gone B will have been going C will be going D will be gone
3. Joe____the piano in a few minutes. A shall be played B will have been playing C shall be playing D will have played
4. I ____ my grandmother at three this afternoon. A shall be visiting B shall have visited C shall be visiting D will visit
5. ―Can you attend the party tonight?‖ “No,_____ the boss about something urgent.‖ A I see BI shall have seen C I’ll be seeing D I can see
【将来进行时与一般将来时的比较】 两者都表示将来的行为，但在用法上有所区别： (1) 将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作；而一般将来时表示将来某时将要发生的动作。如： She won’t be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow. 明天8点她不在办公室开会。
What will you do at five tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午五点你将干什么？ (2) 将来进行时常用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事；而一般将来时表示临时决定。如： We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。 －Did you tell Julia about the result? 你告诉朱莉娅结7果了吗？ －Oh, no. I will call her now. 噢，没有。我现在就告诉她。 (3) 将来进行时不表示个人意愿。如： They will be meeting us at the station. 他们会在车站接我们的。 (4) 将来进行时比一般将来时在语气上要委婉客气。如： When will you finish these letters? 你什么时候会处理完这些信件？ When shall I be expecting you this evening? 今天晚上我几点等你？
五、过去完成时 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 E.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从
11 句。如： She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关
系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle scho ol for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到 这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty year s. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
四、易混时态辨析 1、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
12 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） — John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”） 2、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1）. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过 去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2）. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后 须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3）. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺 序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.
例题解析： 1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
解析："他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 "。在上海学习的动作发生在去北 京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink. A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy 解析：It was 时间段 since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。
3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months. A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to 解析："小培说她去了海南三个月 "。have been to 和have gone to 都是短 暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B.