数字文献的制作、检索、使用
Producing, Accessing and Using Digital References
离线还是在线？存储、呈现、处理
Offline or Online? To Store, Present and Process
电子信息资源可以通过离线载体、局域网、互联网获得。由此得到的副本有些可以编辑，有些不可以编辑。为了让自己和其他研究者以后能够找到相关的版本，研究者还要记录参考文献的副本位置。另外，因为有些副本可能会更新，存在不同的版本，研究者还需要明确自己访问副本的时间。
Electronic information resources can be retrieved through offline media, intranet and internet. Some of the copies thus obtained can be edited and some cannot. In order that related versions can be found later by him- or herself and other researchers, a researcher would record the location of a copy of reference. Besides, as some copies might be updated and thus have different versions, a researcher also needs to specify the time he or she accessed them.
可以离线使用的信息资源，需要把信息复制到分离的或可移动的载体中。这样，就得到了独立副本。独立副本需要有使用权限，经常由制作者分发。所有副本被认为是等同的正本；文献著录时，使用出版发行时使用的版权信息。所以，无论是复印还是抄录的副本，都需要使用所复制正本的版权信息作为著录信息。
Information resource can also be used offline. And information needs to be copied to separate or movable medium. Thus, an independent copy is created. An independent copy needs to have access permission and it is often distributed by its producer. All copies are considered identical and authentic. When a copy is referenced, the information on copy right used when it is published and distributed is taken as referencing information. Therefore, if the copies are duplicated or hand-copied, the copyright information of the authentic copy duplicated or hand-copied needs to be taken as referencing information.
联机信息资源分为两种，一种需要访问权限，比如，图书馆数据库。另一种属于公共领域，无需访问权限。如果联机使用软件打开副本，实际上是下载复制副本。如果不存盘，这个副本是暂时的；副本的正本保存在服务器当中。如果存盘就成为单独的副本，但这个副本不作为正本。此时，认为信息副本的正本是服务器中的副本，著录参考文献时使用服务器内地址、互联网网址、DOI。
There are two kinds of online information resources: one needs access permission, such as library database. The other belongs to public domain, which does not need access permission. If a copy is opened on software online, it is in fact downloaded and duplicated. But if this download is not saved, the copy is temporary. The authentic copy is stored in the server. If it is saved, the copy becomes a separate copy. But it is not authentic. And the authentic copy of the information is still the one in the server. In referencing, server internal address, internet web address and DOI are used to identify the copy.
文献副本的正本始终是制作者享有版权的副本，这样就确定制作者所生产信息的唯一性。而且制作者享有副本的变更权利，通过编辑变更后产生的产品使用不同的版本序号来标识信息在不同时间点上的演变，确定可以作为产品正本的合法继承者。
The authentic copies of a reference is always those to which the producer has the copyright. Thus, the uniqueness of the information produced by the producer can be determined. And the producer has the right to modify a copy. The products modified through editing has different version numbers to identify the evolution of their information over different time points. And thus they can be identified as legal successors to the authentic copies of the product.
通过复制获得的副本，使用者也可以编辑，但是产生的编辑后副本无权作为正本的合法继承者。
A user can also edit the copies obtained through duplication. But the copies generated after editing cannot be regarded as the illegitimate successor of an authentic one.
所以，文献的真正实体应该是副本。这里有两个问题。第一，副本的制作涉及到副本的可信度。复制副本的责任主体应该是出版商或者图书馆等等。因为复制过程本身会出现信息错误，所以，责任主体的权威性可以看作副本质量的保证。副本上不声明制作者时，副本不应该作为正本使用。
So, the real substance of a reference should be a copy. And there are two questions here. First, the creation of a copy involves its creditability. The principal responsible party in duplicating a copy should be a publisher or a library etc. Because there can be erroneous information in the process of duplication, the authority of a principle responsible party can be regarded as the guarantee to the quality of a copy. When no producer is clearly stated in a copy, it should not be taken as an authentic one in use.
第二，副本的可编辑性可以和载体的特征联系起来。纸质和CD-ROM副本是不可编辑的。磁盘、可擦写的CD或者DVD、电子文件，可以编辑。联机网络上的数据源，对于访问者是不可编辑的，但对于制作者或者维护者是可编辑的。所以，不同时间点上的访问者，访问的可能是不同的版本。出版商可能同时制作纸质、CD-ROM、联机网络的副本。
Secondly, the editability of a copy can be connected to the characteristics of a medium. A copy in paper or as a CD-ROM cannot be edited. Magnetic disc, erasable CD or DVD, or electronic document can be edited. Online data source cannot be edited by a visitor but can be edited by a producer or maintainer. So a visitor may access to different versions at different time points. A publisher might produce copies in paper, as CD-ROM, or accessible online.
数字时代里，文本的阅读和生产都有专业的软件。由于使用的软件不同，最终文档会有不同的格式。电子文件的格式类型是需要标注的参考文献信息。有时还需要注明使用的具体软件，因为软件可以看做是非物质的载体，和电子设备等物质载体一样，作为载体的一部分。
In digital time, there is professional software for reading and producing texts. Because different software is used, the finalized documents can have different formats. The format type of an electronic document is the referencing information that should be recorded in a reference list entry. Sometimes, the information on specific software used should also be recorded because software needs to be regarded as immaterial medium, which should also be taken as a part of medium, just like electronic devices and other material media.
文献检索工具有两类，一类是数据库管理系统的电子检索工具，从图书馆学的分类编目系统发展出来，按照专业领域、出版发行年份、作者等字段分类检索。另一类是搜索引擎，包含通用用途的搜索引擎和专业领域的搜索引擎。这一工具是互联网浏览器发展出来的。搜索文本时，用户可以根据关键词、语域、互文性等文本语言学特征分析和操作。
There are two types of information retrieval tools. One is the electronic retrieval tool for database management system. It is developed on the basis of the classification and cataloguing system in library studies. Information resources are classified and retrieved according to the fields such as specialized fields, year of publication and authorship. The other is search engine which includes those for general use and for specialized fields. This tool is developed from internet browser. When searching for texts, analysis and operation on the user side can be done with features in text linguistics, such as keyword, register and intertextuality, taken into consideration.
电子文献的著录中，包含了三部分信息。首先是传统的参考文献著录信息，即作者、题名、出版商、年份、页码等。
The referencing of literature or documentation in electronic formats include three parts of information. The first part is traditional referencing information, such as author, title, publisher, year and page.
第二部分是在题名后面用方括号“[]”标注文件类型、文件格式、文件版本、应用软件信息、载体类型等。
The second part is information on document type, format or version, application software information, and type of medium, all put into a pair of square brackets behind the title.
哈佛参考文献标注体系中，数字信息资源的常用类型包括[e-book]、[e-journal]、[pdf]、[online]、[computer program]、[XX（游戏设备类型） game]、[email]、[blog]、[XX（社交媒体名称，Facebook, Twitter等等）]、[XX（移动APP名称，Flipboard等等）]。
In Harvard referencing system, the generally-used types of digital information resources include [e-book], [e-journal], [pdf], [online], [computer program], [XX (type of gaming device) game], [email], [blog], [XX (name of social media, Facebook and Twitter etc.)] and [XX (name of mobile app and Flipboard etc.)].
中文的国家标准中，题名后面这个部分包含两部分信息，用斜杠“/”连接，即[文件类型/载体类型]。其中电子资源的载体类型分为磁带[MT]、磁盘[DK]、光盘[CD-ROM]、联机网络[OL]四种。
In Chinese national standards, this part behind title include two types of information separated with a slash “/”, namely [type of document/type of medium]. The types of medium for electronic resources include magnetic tape [MT], magnetic disc [DK], optical disc [CD-ROM], and online network [OL].
最后需要标注获得途径和访问日期。获得途径前用Available through （不是直接访问到文件的网址）或Available at（可以直接访问到文件的网址），后面加上URL，可以是数据库和互联网地址，也可以使用DOI。DOI可以列出DOI的专用网址或者存储DOI的互联网网址和数据库网址。
Finally, the way of access and the date of access needs to be recorded. “Available through” (a web address with which a document cannot be accessed directly) or “Available at” (a web address with which a document can be accessed directly) is used to introduce the information with URL added behind it. The URL can be the address of a database or an internet address. A DOI can also be used instead. Together with the DOI, the special website for DOI or the web address of the website on the internet or of the database where DOI is stored can be listed.
访问日期前加Accessed (on)，用方括号“[]”。日期格式为DD M（用单词） YYYY，即[Accessed (on) DD Month YYYY]。
Accessed date is put inside a pair of square brackets “[]” with “Accessed (on)” in the front. The format of date is DD M (as word) YYYY, namely [Accessed (on) DD Month YYYY].
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